Easy2Siksha.com
GNDU QUESTION PAPERS 2023
BA/BSc 4
th
SEMESTER
ENGLISH (Elecve)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. (A) Aempt any Three :-
(i) How does George Orwell relate animal-like psyche with the modern compeve sports?
(ii) What are the author's views about relaonship between the mother tongue and the
English language?
(iii) Sant Sinh Sekhon is a Marxist without being a member of any communist party. Explain
in the context of his essay "I believe".
(iv) Write a short note on Forster's concept of tolerance.
(B) India, according to Tagore, is a synthesis of conicng forces. Explain with reference to
the essay "State and Society".
2. (A) Aempt any Three :-
(i) What kind of English language is taught in the model schools set up by Government?
(ii) Discuss briey the work culture in Hindi Cinemas and its eect upon the arsts.
(iii) How can India overcome the adverse circumstances of communal stress?
(iv) What are the two soluons oered by Forster for sorng the dierences in the modern
world?
Easy2Siksha.com
(B) Summarize Orwell's main arguments in "The Sporng Spirit"?
SECTION-B
3.(A) Aempt any Three :-
(i) Do you agree with Walljasper's view that people are increasingly becoming slaves to their
schedules ?
(ii) Explain the phrase "an illusion of freedom" as used by Ventura in his arcle 'Someone Is
Stealing Your Life".
(iii) What did Rodriguez learn, as a young man, from his summer job?
(iv) Give the meaning of underlined words:
(a) one or two possible results of severe nancial depri-vaon.
(b) a person you are familiar with who epitomizes success.
(c) several presgious careers in your culture.
(d) a major aspiraon in your personal life.
(B) What are the major aspects of the American Dream that Ruth Sidel discusses in the
reading 'The New American Dreamers'? Illustrate with instances from the arcle. 8
4.(A) Answer any Three :-
(i) According to Tannen, what are the major dierences in the in ways females and males use
language?
(ii) What does Carol Barkalow say about serving of women in the infantry?i no
(iii) Comment on the role of parents in overcoming the adolescent stress in boys as
discussed in the arcle "Boys will be Boys".
(iv) Determine the meaning of the underlined word:
Easy2Siksha.com
(a) an example of a awed argument relang to gender.
(b) an example of one person speaking scornfully about another because of his or her sex.
(c) Whether homophobia is prevalent in your culture.
(d) Whether you think that empathy is a tradional male quality.
(B) Discuss whether you think biological or social and cultural factors are more important
in shaping gender roles.
SECTION-C
5. (A) Answer the following :-
(i) Draw a pen portrait of Mangal Singh.
(ii) Comment on the way the drower's wife endures and overcomes hardships alone in the
bush.
(iii) Do you think the tle "The Bath' is appropriate for this story? Jusfy your answer.
(B) The story 'Jasmine's father' is centered on generaonal dierences and perspecves.
Discuss.
6. (A) Answer the following :-
(i) Why did the mother give up her game and ask Grannie to tell the boy a story? Comment
on the mother's atude.
(ii) What does the phrase "dangerous mineeld' convey about Jasmine's work environment?
(iii) What do the 'outside menace' and 'inner menace' in the story 'The Bath' refer to ?
(B) How does Anand bring out the hierarchical power structure inherent in the story
"Duty"?
SECTION-D
Easy2Siksha.com
7. (A) Answer the following :-
(i) Comment on Mammie's state of mind at the end of the story.
(ii) How did the 'coming of the white man' bring changes to the community menoned in
the story?
(iii) How do Adele and Philippe handle Charles' condion?
(B) Examine family relaonships in the story "The Desjardins".
8. Transcribe the following words:
immortal, raonality, espionage, lukewarm, superiority, civilizaon, society, tesmonial,
magazine, schizophrenia.
Easy2Siksha.com
GNDU ANSWER PAPERS 2023
BA/BSc 4
th
SEMESTER
ENGLISH (Elecve)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. (A) Aempt any Three :-
(i) How does George Orwell relate animal-like psyche with the modern compeve sports?
(ii) What are the author's views about relaonship between the mother tongue and the
English language?
(iii) Sant Sinh Sekhon is a Marxist without being a member of any communist party. Explain
in the context of his essay "I believe".
(iv) Write a short note on Forster's concept of tolerance.
Ans: (i) How does George Orwell relate animal-like psyche with modern competitive
sports?
In his essay “The Sporting Spirit,” George Orwell says that modern competitive sports no
longer promote friendship or healthy enjoyment. Instead, they often bring out the animal-
like instincts in humans—such as aggression, hatred, jealousy and violence. Just like animals
fight to dominate each other, players and even nations treat sports as a battlefield to prove
superiority.
He explains that instead of unity, sports sometimes create bitterness and hostility among
teams, countries and spectators. Thus, modern sports stimulate primitive, savage emotions
rather than sportsmanship and goodwill.
(ii) What are the author's views about the relationship between the mother tongue and
the English language?
Easy2Siksha.com
The author believes that both mother tongue and English are important, and they should
not compete but complement each other.
Mother tongue connects a person with culture, emotions, identity and roots, whereas
English is a language of education, opportunity, communication and progress at a global
level. The author suggests that English should not replace the mother tongue, nor should
mother tongue be neglected. Instead, people should learn English for development while
proudly maintaining love and respect for their native language.
(iii) Sant Sinh Sekhon is a Marxist without being a member of any communist party.
Explain in context of his essay “I Believe.”
In his essay “I Believe,” Sant Sinh Sekhon expresses strong faith in Marxist principles such as
equality, social justice, dignity of labour and removal of exploitation. He believes in a
classless society where poor and working-class people get justice and equal opportunities.
However, although he follows Marxist philosophy in thought and ideals, he does not
officially join any communist party. This shows that his Marxism is not political
membership-based, but ideological and moral. He supports Marxism because he believes it
is right, not because of party loyalty.
(iv) Write a short note on Forster’s concept of tolerance.
E. M. Forster considers tolerance as the most essential quality for the modern world.
According to him, tolerance means accepting differences, respecting other people’s
opinions, religions, cultures and ways of life. It helps prevent hatred, violence and conflict in
society.
Forster feels that love and heroism are rare qualities, but tolerance is practical and
necessary for daily living. Only tolerance can hold society together and maintain peace in a
divided and complicated world. Therefore, he emphasizes tolerance as the foundation of
civilization and human relationships.
(B) India, according to Tagore, is a synthesis of conicng forces. Explain with reference to
the essay "State and Society".
Ans: India as a Synthesis of Conflicting Forces — According to Tagore (State and Society)
Rabindranath Tagore, in his essay “State and Society,” beautifully explains that India is not
just a single-colored nation but a rich blend of many different and even conflicting forces.
According to him, India’s greatness lies not in uniformity, but in its capacity to absorb,
reconcile, and harmonize differences. India has faced numerous political, cultural, social,
and religious challenges throughout history, yet it has continued to survive, grow, and
remain united. This ability to combine contradictions into a single cultural identity makes
India unique.
Easy2Siksha.com
Tagore explains that Indian civilization did not grow by rejecting influences from the outside
world. Instead, it welcomed new ideas, cultures, religions, and races, and slowly absorbed
them into its own way of life. Whether it was Aryan influence, Mughal culture, British rule,
or various regional traditions, India never allowed them to destroy its spirit. Instead, it
reshaped them into something that became a part of its identity. Thus, India represents a
harmonious blending of many forces that may seem contradictory but together form a
beautiful unity.
Throughout history, India has witnessed conflicts between religion and religion, caste and
caste, region and region, and even between tradition and modernity. Yet, instead of
breaking apart, India developed a way to live with differences. Tagore highlights that the
spirit of Indian society is based on tolerance, patience, acceptance, and spiritual
understanding. Unlike the Western concept of a rigid nation-state built on power and
political control, India is built on human relationships, emotions, culture, and a deep sense
of unity.
Tagore also points out that political power alone cannot hold a diverse society together.
Empires collapse when they depend only on force and authority. But Indian society survived
not because of political strength, but because of its social strength and cultural unity.
Society in India is stronger than the State. Even when the political rulers changed
repeatedly—from ancient kings to Muslim rulers to the British—the social fabric of India
remained intact. People continued to live by their traditions, customs, festivals, language,
and cultural bonds. This continuity of social life helped India remain united despite political
instability.
Another important idea Tagore stresses is that India’s unity is spiritual and emotional
rather than mechanical. It does not force people to think alike or live alike. Unity in India is
unity in diversity. Different religions like Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity, Jainism, and
Buddhism coexist. Different languages, food habits, dresses, festivals and cultures exist
together. Instead of destroying diversity, India celebrates it. This moral and cultural strength
allows India to accommodate conflicts without collapsing.
Tagore also warns that if India blindly follows the Western concept of a powerful centralized
State, ignoring social and cultural values, then the nation may lose its soul. For India to
remain strong, society must continue to respect differences and protect human
relationships. True strength lies not in power, but in understanding, cooperation, and moral
unity.
Therefore, India, according to Tagore, is truly a synthesis of conflicting forces. It has the
remarkable ability to take in different and even opposing elements and transform them into
a unified cultural identity. This spirit of harmony, tolerance, and moral strength has allowed
India to survive centuries of challenges and continues to define the essence of the nation
today.
Easy2Siksha.com
2. (A) Aempt any Three :-
(i) What kind of English language is taught in the model schools set up by Government?
(ii) Discuss briey the work culture in Hindi Cinemas and its eect upon the arsts.
(iii) How can India overcome the adverse circumstances of communal stress?
(iv) What are the two soluons oered by Forster for sorng the dierences in the modern
world?
Ans: (i) What kind of English language is taught in the model schools set up by
Government?
In the government model schools, the English language taught is mainly practical,
functional, and communication-oriented. The focus is not only on grammar and rules, but
on helping students speak confidently, understand clearly, and use English in real life
situations such as education, jobs, and social interaction.
Instead of old, literary English, students are trained in modern, standard English that helps
them connect with the wider world, improve learning opportunities, and enhance
personality development.
(ii) Discuss briefly the work culture in Hindi Cinemas and its effect upon the artists.
The work culture in Hindi cinema is often stressful, demanding, and highly competitive.
Actors and technicians work for long hours, sometimes day and night, without proper rest.
There is constant pressure to perform well, maintain physical appearance, and stay popular.
This affects artists physically and mentally. Many face fatigue, stress, insecurity, emotional
strain, and health problems. Although cinema appears glamorous on screen, behind the
scenes it involves hard work, uncertainty, and mental pressure.
(iii) How can India overcome the adverse circumstances of communal stress?
India can overcome communal stress by developing tolerance, unity, and mutual respect
among different religious and cultural communities. People must understand that India’s
strength lies in unity in diversity.
Education should promote harmony and discourage hatred. Media and leaders should act
responsibly, avoiding statements that create division. The government must strictly control
violence and protect every community.
Above all, ordinary citizens must practice brotherhood, dialogue, secular values, and
emotional understanding, so that peace and national unity are maintained.
Easy2Siksha.com
(iv) What are the two solutions offered by Forster for sorting the differences in the
modern world?
E. M. Forster suggests two important solutions for solving differences in the modern world:
Tolerance – People must accept others’ views, beliefs, and cultures without hatred.
Tolerance helps prevent conflicts and keeps society peaceful.
Personal relationships and mutual understanding – Forster believes that human
kindness, friendship, emotional bonding, and understanding are more powerful than
political systems. Good personal relations reduce bitterness and bring harmony.
(B) Summarize Orwell's main arguments in "The Sporng Spirit"?
Ans: Orwell’s Main Arguments in The Sporting Spirit
Context of the Essay
George Orwell wrote The Sporting Spirit in 1945, shortly after World War II, when Britain
hosted the Soviet football team Dynamo Moscow. Many hoped such sporting exchanges
would strengthen international relations. Orwell, however, challenged this optimism,
arguing that sport often worsens tensions rather than easing them.
Sport as a Cause of Ill-Will
• Orwell’s most striking claim is that sport is not a peaceful activity but a source of
conflict.
• He observes that competitive matches often lead to quarrels, riots, and bitterness
between nations.
• Instead of promoting friendship, sport becomes a proxy battlefield where national
pride is at stake.
For Orwell, sport is “war minus the shooting.”
Nationalism and Rivalry
• Orwell highlights how international matches intensify nationalism.
• Victories are celebrated as proof of national superiority, while defeats provoke
resentment.
• He notes that fans and players alike often treat games as contests of national honor
rather than recreation.
Example: The Dynamo Moscow tour was marked by suspicion, accusations of unfair
play, and hostility between British and Soviet supporters.
Easy2Siksha.com
Cheating and Unsportsmanlike Behavior
• Orwell argues that competitive sport encourages cheating.
• Players bend rules, referees face pressure, and fans justify misconduct if it benefits
their side.
• The desire to win at all costs undermines the supposed ideals of fairness and
sportsmanship.
In his view, the rhetoric of “fair play” rarely matches reality.
Sport as a Reflection of Politics
• Orwell insists that sport mirrors political tensions.
• Matches between rival nations often reproduce the hostility of diplomatic relations.
• Instead of easing animosity, sport can deepen mistrust and reinforce stereotypes.
Thus, sport becomes another arena where international rivalries play out.
Critique of the “Friendship Through Sport” Ideal
• Orwell challenges the belief that sport fosters goodwill.
• He argues that while individual games may be enjoyable, organized competitive
sport between nations almost always breeds resentment.
• The notion that sport can heal political divisions is, for him, naïve and misleading.
Broader Implications
• Orwell’s essay is not just about football—it is a critique of how societies use sport to
channel aggression.
• He warns that sport can manipulate public emotions, turning leisure into a tool of
nationalism.
• His skepticism remains relevant today, as international tournaments often stir
political controversies.
A Relatable Example
Imagine two rival schools playing a football match. Instead of enjoying the game, students
jeer, accuse referees of bias, and fight after the match. The rivalry grows stronger, not
weaker. Orwell argues that this same dynamic occurs on the global stage when nations
compete in sport.
Summary Table
Argument
Orwell’s View
Sport and goodwill
Sport breeds hostility, not friendship
Nationalism
Matches inflame national pride and rivalry
Fair play
Competitive sport encourages cheating
Easy2Siksha.com
Politics
Sport mirrors and worsens political tensions
Ideal of friendship
The belief in “friendship through sport” is naïve
Conclusion
George Orwell’s The Sporting Spirit is a sharp critique of competitive sport as a force for
division rather than unity. He argues that sport is essentially “war minus the shooting”,
inflaming nationalism, encouraging cheating, and reflecting political rivalries. Far from
fostering goodwill, international matches often deepen hostility.
SECTION-B
3.(A) Aempt any Three :-
(i) Do you agree with Walljasper's view that people are increasingly becoming slaves to their
schedules ?
(ii) Explain the phrase "an illusion of freedom" as used by Ventura in his arcle 'Someone Is
Stealing Your Life".
(iii) What did Rodriguez learn, as a young man, from his summer job?
(iv) Give the meaning of underlined words:
Ans: (i) Do you agree with Walljasper's view that people are increasingly becoming slaves
to their schedules?
Yes, Walljasper’s view is quite true. In modern life, people are constantly controlled by their
tight schedules, deadlines, appointments, and routines. Instead of enjoying life freely, they
rush from one task to another, always worried about time. As a result, people lose
relaxation, creativity, family connection, and peace of mind. Thus, they become slaves to
their schedules rather than masters of their lives.
(ii) Explain the phrase “an illusion of freedom” as used by Ventura in his article “Someone
Is Stealing Your Life.”
By “illusion of freedom,” Ventura means that people believe they are free, but in reality,
their lives are controlled by work pressure, economic demands, technology, and busy
lifestyles. People think they are choosing their life, but actually society, employers, and
systems control most of their time and energy. So, their freedom is not real; it is only a
comforting illusion.
Easy2Siksha.com
(iii) What did Rodriguez learn, as a young man, from his summer job?
From his summer job, Rodriguez learned:
• the real value of hard work
• the struggle behind earning money
• respect for labor and working-class people
• maturity and responsibility
The experience taught him that success does not come easily and helped him understand
the dignity of honest work.
(iv) Give the meaning of underlined words:
You simply need to write meanings like these (you can adjust based on how they appear in
your paper):
(a) Severe financial deprivation
= Extreme lack of money and basic financial resources.
(b) A person who epitomizes success
= Someone who perfectly represents or symbolizes success.
(c) Prestigious careers
= Highly respected and socially admired professions.
(d) Major aspiration
= A big dream, goal, or ambition in life.
(a) one or two possible results of severe nancial depri-vaon.
(b) a person you are familiar with who epitomizes success.
(c) several presgious careers in your culture.
(d) a major aspiraon in your personal life.
Ans: (a) One or two possible results of severe financial deprivation
Severe financial deprivation can lead to
• lack of basic necessities like food, education, and healthcare
• stress, hopelessness, and emotional suffering
• social insecurity and reduced opportunities in life
Easy2Siksha.com
(b) A person you are familiar with who epitomizes success
A person who epitomizes success is someone who has achieved great progress through hard
work, discipline, and determination. For example, a teacher who rose from a poor
background to a respected professional, or a successful entrepreneur who built a career
despite many struggles.
(c) Several prestigious careers in your culture
Some prestigious careers in our culture include:
• Doctor
• Engineer
• Judge / Lawyer
• Civil Servant (IAS / IPS)
• Professor
• Scientist
These careers are respected because they involve knowledge, responsibility, and service to
society.
(d) A major aspiration in your personal life
A major aspiration in my life is to achieve meaningful success, live a stable life, and
contribute positively to society. I wish to build a good career, support my family, and live a
life of dignity and purpose.
(B) What are the major aspects of the American Dream that Ruth Sidel discusses in the
reading 'The New American Dreamers'? Illustrate with instances from the arcle.
Ans: Introduction
Ruth Sidel’s essay The New American Dreamers explores how the concept of the American
Dream has evolved in contemporary society, especially among young women. Traditionally,
the American Dream was associated with hard work, upward mobility, and material success.
Sidel argues that in the late 20th century, the dream took on new dimensions—centered
around independence, self-fulfillment, and personal choice. Her analysis highlights both the
opportunities and contradictions of this modern vision.
Major Aspects of the American Dream Discussed by Sidel
1. Independence and Autonomy
Easy2Siksha.com
• One of the most striking aspects Sidel identifies is the emphasis on self-reliance.
• Young women in her study expressed a desire to be independent, not dependent on
men or traditional family structures.
• They wanted careers, financial stability, and the ability to make decisions for
themselves.
Instance from the article: Sidel notes that many women she interviewed rejected the
idea of being “housewives” and instead aspired to professional success, seeing
independence as the true measure of achievement.
2. Self-Fulfillment and Personal Happiness
• The new American Dream is not just about material wealth but about personal
satisfaction.
• Women wanted careers that were meaningful, relationships that were fulfilling, and
lives that reflected their own choices.
• Success was defined less by external approval and more by inner happiness.
Instance: Sidel describes women who sought careers in fields like social work, education,
or creative arts—not necessarily the most lucrative paths, but ones that gave them a sense
of purpose.
3. Breaking Traditional Gender Roles
• Sidel emphasizes how the American Dream for women involved challenging
stereotypes.
• Instead of being confined to domestic roles, women aspired to leadership,
professional recognition, and equal participation in society.
• This reflected a broader cultural shift toward gender equality.
Instance: She cites examples of women who openly declared that marriage and
motherhood were not their primary goals, contrasting sharply with earlier generations.
4. Material Success and Security
• While independence and fulfillment were central, Sidel acknowledges that financial
stability remained an important part of the dream.
• Women wanted good jobs, comfortable homes, and the ability to support
themselves and their families.
• However, material success was seen as a means to independence rather than the
ultimate goal.
Instance: Many women expressed the desire to own their own homes or apartments,
symbolizing both security and autonomy.
5. Optimism and Confidence in the Future
Easy2Siksha.com
• Sidel highlights the optimism of young women who believed they could achieve their
dreams through education and effort.
• They were confident that barriers of gender and class could be overcome.
• This optimism reflected the cultural climate of the time, with expanding
opportunities for women in education and employment.
Instance: Women in her interviews often spoke of their belief that “anything is possible”
if they worked hard, echoing the traditional American Dream but with a modern twist.
6. Contradictions and Challenges
• Sidel also points out the contradictions in this new dream.
• While women aspired to independence, societal pressures around marriage,
motherhood, and appearance still persisted.
• The dream was inspiring but not always easy to achieve, given structural inequalities
and cultural expectations.
Instance: Some women admitted feeling torn between career ambitions and family
responsibilities, showing that the dream was both liberating and demanding.
Broader Implications
Sidel’s analysis reveals how the American Dream is dynamic, adapting to social changes. For
young women, it became a vision of empowerment, choice, and equality. Yet, it also
exposed the tensions between ideals and realities. Her essay captures the spirit of a
generation determined to redefine success on its own terms.
Conclusion
In The New American Dreamers, Ruth Sidel identifies major aspects of the modern American
Dream: independence, self-fulfillment, breaking gender roles, material security, optimism,
and the contradictions of balancing personal and societal expectations. Through interviews
and observations, she illustrates how young women sought to reshape the dream into
something more inclusive and empowering.
4.(A) Answer any Three :-
(i) According to Tannen, what are the major dierences in the in ways females and males use
language?
(ii) What does Carol Barkalow say about serving of women in the infantry?i no
(iii) Comment on the role of parents in overcoming the adolescent stress in boys as
discussed in the arcle "Boys will be Boys".
Easy2Siksha.com
(iv) Determine the meaning of the underlined word:
Ans: (i) According to Tannen, what are the major differences in the ways females and
males use language?
According to Deborah Tannen, males and females use language differently because their
purposes are different.
Men generally use language to show power, control, independence, and status. Their
speech is often more direct, competitive, and assertive.
Women, on the other hand, use language mainly to build relationships, create connection,
express emotions, and maintain harmony. Their speech is usually more polite, cooperative,
and supportive.
Thus, men focus more on information and authority, while women focus more on feelings
and relationships.
(ii) What does Carol Barkalow say about the serving of women in the infantry?
Carol Barkalow strongly supports the participation of women in the infantry. She believes
that women are mentally strong, physically capable, disciplined, and determined enough
to serve alongside men.
She rejects the idea that women are weak or unfit for combat roles. Instead, she argues that
women should be given equal opportunity, equal respect, and equal responsibility in the
armed forces. According to her, women have already proved their courage, efficiency, and
dedication, and therefore deserve a rightful place in the infantry.
(iii) Role of parents in overcoming adolescent stress in boys (from “Boys Will Be Boys”)
In the article “Boys Will Be Boys,” it is emphasized that parents play a very important role in
helping boys handle stress during adolescence. Parents should understand their sons’
emotional struggles, listen to them patiently, and provide emotional support.
Instead of forcing them to hide feelings or “act tough,” parents should encourage open
communication. They must guide boys with love, confidence, and proper values so that they
grow emotionally strong, balanced, and stress-free. Supportive parenting helps boys face
challenges positively.
(a) an example of a awed argument relang to gender.
(b) an example of one person speaking scornfully about another because of his or her sex.
(c) Whether homophobia is prevalent in your culture.
Easy2Siksha.com
(d) Whether you think that empathy is a tradional male quality.
Ans: (a) An example of a flawed argument relating to gender
A flawed argument relating to gender is the belief that men are naturally better leaders
than women or that women are too emotional to make decisions. Such ideas are incorrect
because they ignore individual ability. Leadership, intelligence, and capability depend on
personality and skills, not gender.
(b) An example of one person speaking scornfully about another because of his or her sex
An example of speaking scornfully about someone because of gender is when a man mocks
a woman by saying, “Women should not try to work in difficult jobs; they belong only in
the kitchen,” or when someone says, “Boys must not cry because it makes them weak.”
Both comments insult a person based on gender and show prejudice.
(c) Whether homophobia is prevalent in your culture
In many societies, including ours, homophobia still exists to some extent. Some people are
uncomfortable with or discriminatory towards individuals with different sexual orientations
because of lack of awareness, rigid social beliefs, or fear of change. However, attitudes are
slowly improving as education, awareness, and acceptance increase, especially among
younger generations.
(d) Whether you think empathy is a traditional male quality
Traditionally, society often associates empathy more with women, expecting men to be
strong and emotionally reserved. However, empathy is not limited to any gender. Men are
equally capable of compassion, understanding, and emotional sensitivity. With changing
times, society increasingly recognizes that empathy is a human quality, not just a female
one.
(B) Discuss whether you think biological or social and cultural factors are more important
in shaping gender roles.
Ans: Introduction
Gender roles refer to the expectations, behaviors, and responsibilities that societies assign
to individuals based on their perceived sex. The debate over whether these roles are shaped
more by biology or by social and cultural factors has been ongoing for decades. While
Easy2Siksha.com
biology provides certain physical differences between men and women, social and cultural
influences often dictate how those differences are interpreted and valued. Let’s explore
both sides and then weigh which seems more influential in shaping gender roles.
Biological Factors
1. Physical Differences
Biological differences such as reproductive roles, hormonal variations, and physical strength
have historically influenced gender roles. For example:
• Women’s ability to bear children often linked them to caregiving roles.
• Men’s generally greater muscle mass historically associated them with labor-
intensive tasks or protection.
2. Hormonal Influences
Hormones like testosterone and estrogen affect behavior to some extent. Testosterone is
often linked with aggression or competitiveness, while estrogen is associated with nurturing
tendencies. These biological influences may shape certain tendencies but do not rigidly
determine roles.
3. Evolutionary Perspectives
Evolutionary theorists argue that gender roles developed as survival strategies: men hunted
and protected, while women nurtured and cared for offspring. These roles, they claim,
became ingrained over generations.
However, biology explains only part of the story. It sets a foundation but does not
dictate the complex social expectations we see today.
Social and Cultural Factors
1. Family and Upbringing
From childhood, boys and girls are often treated differently.
• Boys may be encouraged to play with cars or sports equipment.
• Girls may be given dolls or kitchen sets. These early experiences reinforce cultural
expectations of masculinity and femininity.
2. Education and Media
Schools, textbooks, films, and advertisements often portray men and women in
stereotypical roles.
• Men as leaders, scientists, or warriors.
Easy2Siksha.com
• Women as caregivers, teachers, or homemakers. Such portrayals shape perceptions
of what is “normal” or “appropriate” for each gender.
3. Religion and Tradition
Many cultures use religious or traditional beliefs to justify gender roles.
• In some societies, women are expected to remain within domestic spaces.
• Men are expected to be breadwinners and decision-makers. These cultural norms
often override biological capabilities, restricting or expanding roles based on belief
systems.
4. Economic and Political Structures
Access to education, employment, and political participation is often determined by cultural
norms rather than biology.
• Women may be discouraged from pursuing careers despite having equal intellectual
ability.
• Men may be pressured into high-paying jobs even if they prefer caregiving roles.
Social and cultural factors clearly play a dominant role in shaping opportunities and
expectations.
Which is More Important?
While biology provides the basic framework of differences between men and women, it is
social and cultural factors that largely determine how those differences are interpreted and
acted upon.
• Biology explains why women can bear children, but culture decides whether
motherhood is seen as a woman’s sole identity or one aspect of her life.
• Biology explains physical strength differences, but culture decides whether men
must always be protectors or whether women can also serve in the military.
In modern societies, we see increasing evidence that cultural change reshapes gender roles:
• Women becoming CEOs, scientists, and soldiers.
• Men choosing to be stay-at-home fathers or pursuing careers in nursing and
teaching.
These shifts show that biology does not rigidly confine roles; culture and society have far
greater influence.
Conclusion
Easy2Siksha.com
Biological factors provide the foundation of human differences, but social and cultural
factors are far more important in shaping gender roles. Culture interprets biology, assigns
meaning to it, and creates expectations that individuals internalize. As societies evolve,
these roles continue to change, proving that gender is not destiny but a dynamic construct
shaped by human values and choices.
SECTION-C
5. (A) Answer the following :-
(i) Draw a pen portrait of Mangal Singh.
(ii) Comment on the way the drower's wife endures and overcomes hardships alone in the
bush.
(iii) Do you think the tle "The Bath' is appropriate for this story? Jusfy your answer.
Ans: (i) Draw a pen portrait of Mangal Singh.
Mangal Singh is a brave, determined, and patriotic freedom fighter who symbolizes courage
and sacrifice. He is deeply devoted to the cause of India’s independence and is ready to face
any danger for the nation. He is fearless, emotionally strong, and morally firm. Even in
difficult situations, he remains calm and committed to his mission. At the same time, he is
sensitive, loyal to his comrades, and inspires others through his conviction and spirit. Thus,
Mangal Singh appears as a heroic figure who represents dedication, nationalism, strength,
and selfless love for his motherland.
(ii) Comment on the way the drover’s wife endures and overcomes hardships alone in the
bush.
The drover’s wife is a powerful symbol of courage, endurance, and resilience. Living alone in
the harsh Australian bush with her young children, she faces loneliness, danger, and
constant fear. Without her husband’s support, she manages everything herself—protecting
her children, dealing with snakes, floods, sickness, wild surroundings, and emotional
struggles.
Despite physical exhaustion and emotional pain, she never gives up. She remains strong,
practical, and determined. Her patience, bravery, motherly love, and inner strength help her
overcome every hardship. She proves that an ordinary woman can become extraordinarily
strong when responsibility demands it.
Easy2Siksha.com
(iii) Do you think the title “The Bath” is appropriate for this story? Justify your answer.
Yes, the title “The Bath” is appropriate because the entire story revolves around the event
of giving the old woman a bath and the emotional meaning attached to it. The bath
symbolizes care, duty, helplessness, aging, and human vulnerability.
It shows how the mother, who once cared for everyone, is now dependent on others. The
act of bathing reflects love mixed with sadness, responsibility, and emotional struggle of the
son. It highlights themes like aging, changing roles, dignity, and emotional pain. Thus, the
bath is not just a physical act; it represents emotional depth and human relationships,
making the title meaningful and suitable.
(B) The story 'Jasmine's father' is centered on generaonal dierences and perspecves.
Discuss.
Ans: Introduction
The short story “Jasmine’s Father” is a poignant exploration of the tensions and
misunderstandings that arise between generations. At its heart, the narrative examines how
parents and children often view life, success, and identity through very different lenses. The
father, shaped by tradition, hardship, and cultural expectations, represents one worldview,
while Jasmine, his daughter, embodies the aspirations and values of a younger generation
exposed to modernity, education, and new opportunities. The story becomes a mirror
reflecting the universal struggle between old and new, tradition and change, authority and
independence.
The Father’s Perspective
Jasmine’s father is portrayed as a man deeply rooted in traditional values. His worldview is
shaped by:
• Hardship and Sacrifice: He has lived through struggles, perhaps poverty or limited
opportunities, which makes him value stability, discipline, and obedience.
• Authority and Control: As the head of the family, he believes it is his duty to guide
and control his daughter’s choices. He sees parental authority as unquestionable.
• Suspicion of Modernity: He is wary of new ideas, education, or independence for
women, fearing they may lead to rebellion or loss of cultural identity.
• Honor and Reputation: For him, family honor is paramount. Jasmine’s behavior or
choices are not just personal but reflect on the family’s standing in society.
His perspective is shaped by the belief that children must follow the path laid down by
their parents, even if it means sacrificing personal dreams.
Jasmine’s Perspective
Easy2Siksha.com
In contrast, Jasmine represents the younger generation, eager to embrace change and
assert individuality. Her worldview is shaped by:
• Education and Exposure: Jasmine has access to schooling and perhaps modern
influences that broaden her horizons beyond her father’s traditional world.
• Desire for Independence: She wants to make her own choices, whether in career,
relationships, or lifestyle.
• Challenge to Authority: Jasmine questions her father’s rigid control, seeing it as
outdated and unfair.
• New Definition of Honor: For Jasmine, honor lies in authenticity and self-fulfillment,
not in blind obedience to tradition.
Her perspective reflects the aspirations of a generation that values freedom, equality,
and self-expression.
The Clash of Generations
The central tension in the story arises from the clash between these two perspectives:
• Tradition vs. Modernity: The father clings to customs, while Jasmine embraces
change.
• Authority vs. Independence: The father demands obedience, while Jasmine asserts
her right to choose.
• Collective Identity vs. Individual Identity: The father sees Jasmine as part of the
family’s honor, while Jasmine sees herself as an individual with her own dreams.
This clash is not just personal but symbolic of broader societal changes, where younger
generations often challenge the values of their elders.
Themes Highlighted
1. Generational Gap: The story highlights how different life experiences shape
contrasting worldviews.
2. Identity and Freedom: Jasmine’s struggle reflects the universal desire of young
people to define themselves.
3. Cultural Transition: The narrative captures the tension between traditional cultural
norms and modern influences.
4. Parent-Child Relationship: It shows how love can be overshadowed by control and
misunderstanding.
Conclusion
“Jasmine’s Father” is ultimately a story about the generational divide—the struggle
between tradition and modernity, authority and independence, collective honor and
personal freedom. Jasmine’s father embodies the older generation’s fears and values, while
Jasmine represents the younger generation’s aspirations and courage. The story reminds us
Easy2Siksha.com
that such conflicts are universal, appearing in every culture and era, as each generation
redefines what it means to live with dignity and purpose.
6. (A) Answer the following :-
(i) Why did the mother give up her game and ask Grannie to tell the boy a story? Comment
on the mother's atude.
(ii) What does the phrase "dangerous mineeld' convey about Jasmine's work environment?
(iii) What do the 'outside menace' and 'inner menace' in the story 'The Bath' refer to ?
Ans: (i) Why did the mother give up her game and ask Grannie to tell the boy a story?
Comment on the mother’s attitude.
The mother gave up her game and asked Grannie to tell the boy a story because she wanted
to get rid of the child’s disturbance and continue enjoying her own pleasure. Instead of
lovingly attending to him, she treated the child as an interruption.
Her attitude shows selfishness, irresponsibility, and emotional neglect. She is more
interested in entertainment and comfort than in caring for her child’s emotional needs. This
highlights the growing lack of warmth, affection, and maternal sensitivity in modern life.
(ii) What does the phrase “dangerous minefield” convey about Jasmine’s work
environment?
The phrase “dangerous minefield” suggests that Jasmine’s workplace is full of risks, threats,
and unseen dangers. Just like a real minefield where one wrong step can cause destruction,
her working conditions are unsafe, stressful, and life-threatening.
It shows that she works in an environment filled with pressure, exploitation, insecurity,
fear, and constant danger, where survival itself becomes a struggle.
(iii) What do the “outside menace” and “inner menace” in the story The Bath refer to?
In “The Bath,”
• The “outside menace” refers to the physical difficulties and responsibilities of caring
for the aging mother, such as her weakness, helplessness, and dependency.
• The “inner menace” refers to the emotional fear, guilt, sadness, and psychological
burden the son feels as he realizes his mother’s declining health and approaching
death.
Easy2Siksha.com
Together, they reflect both external struggle and internal emotional pain, making the story
deeply moving.
(B) How does Anand bring out the hierarchical power structure inherent in the story
"Duty"?
Ans: Introduction
Mulk Raj Anand, one of the pioneers of Indian English literature, was deeply concerned with
issues of social justice, inequality, and the oppressive structures embedded in colonial and
traditional Indian society. In his short story “Duty”, Anand explores the theme of hierarchical
power structures, showing how authority and obedience are enforced through rigid
systems. The narrative highlights the clash between individual dignity and institutional
expectations, exposing how “duty” is often used as a tool to maintain control.
The Concept of Duty
The title itself is ironic. “Duty” is presented not as a noble responsibility but as a burden
imposed by those in power. Anand uses the word to show how authority figures manipulate
the idea of duty to enforce obedience and suppress individuality.
• For the protagonist: Duty means unquestioning obedience to superiors.
• For the institution: Duty is a mechanism to maintain hierarchy and discipline.
• For society: Duty reflects the larger cultural expectation that individuals must
sacrifice personal freedom for collective order.
Hierarchical Power Structure in the Story
1. Authority of Superiors
The story portrays a clear chain of command where superiors exercise unquestioned
authority over subordinates. Orders are expected to be followed without question, and any
resistance is seen as rebellion.
Anand shows how this authority is not based on respect or fairness but on fear and
coercion.
2. Obedience of Subordinates
Subordinates are expected to accept their position in silence. Their role is defined by
compliance, not by individuality or creativity.
• They are denied the right to question orders.
• Their personal feelings or dignity are irrelevant in the face of “duty.”
Easy2Siksha.com
This reflects the broader social reality of colonial India, where ordinary people were
expected to serve without protest.
3. Use of Discipline and Punishment
Anand highlights how discipline is enforced through punishment. Any deviation from duty is
met with harsh consequences.
• Punishment is not just physical but also psychological, instilling fear and submission.
• The threat of punishment ensures that subordinates remain obedient, reinforcing
the hierarchy.
4. Dehumanization of Individuals
The hierarchical structure reduces individuals to mere instruments of duty. Their humanity,
emotions, and individuality are ignored.
• Subordinates are treated as replaceable parts of a machine.
• Authority figures see them not as people but as tools to maintain order.
Anand’s critique lies in showing how such systems strip individuals of dignity and
identity.
5. Reflection of Colonial and Traditional Structures
The story mirrors the larger hierarchical structures of colonial India and traditional society:
• Colonial rulers demanded obedience from Indian subjects.
• Within Indian society, caste and class divisions reinforced similar hierarchies.
Anand uses the microcosm of the story to reflect the macrocosm of social and political
oppression.
Literary Techniques Anand Uses
• Irony: The title “Duty” itself is ironic, exposing how duty is misused to justify
oppression.
• Characterization: The protagonist embodies the struggle of the ordinary individual
caught in the web of hierarchy.
• Dialogue and Conflict: Conversations between superiors and subordinates reveal the
imbalance of power.
• Symbolism: Duty symbolizes the larger oppressive systems—colonialism, caste, and
patriarchy.
Conclusion
Easy2Siksha.com
In “Duty”, Mulk Raj Anand powerfully brings out the hierarchical power structure by
showing how authority, obedience, discipline, and dehumanization are woven into the
fabric of institutions. He critiques the misuse of “duty” as a tool of oppression, exposing how
individuals are stripped of dignity in the name of order. The story is not just about one
character’s struggle—it is a broader commentary on colonialism, social inequality, and the
human cost of rigid hierarchies.
SECTION-D
7. (A) Answer the following :-
(i) Comment on Mammie's state of mind at the end of the story.
(ii) How did the 'coming of the white man' bring changes to the community menoned in
the story?
(iii) How do Adele and Philippe handle Charles' condion?
Ans: (i) Comment on Mammie’s state of mind at the end of the story.
At the end of the story, Mammie is emotionally shaken, deeply hurt, and mentally
disturbed. She feels a mixture of shock, helplessness, pain, and silent acceptance of her
harsh reality. Although she tries to stay strong, inside she is broken and burdened by
suffering and loneliness. Her state of mind reflects sadness, inner struggle, and a sense of
emotional exhaustion.
(ii) How did the “coming of the white man” bring changes to the community mentioned in
the story?
The arrival of the white man brought huge social, cultural, and economic changes to the
community. Traditional life, customs, and values were disturbed. The white man introduced
new systems of rule, new lifestyles, education, religion, and authority, which slowly
weakened the native traditions and independence of the community. The people lost their
freedom, identity, and harmony, leading to destruction of their original way of life.
(iii) How do Adele and Philippe handle Charles’ condition?
Adele and Philippe handle Charles’ condition with deep care, patience, and emotional
strength. They support him lovingly, try to understand his suffering, and take full
responsibility for his well-being. Instead of abandoning him, they face the situation with
courage, compassion, and maturity, showing strong family love and commitment.
Easy2Siksha.com
(B) Examine family relaonships in the story "The Desjardins".
Ans: Family Relationships in “The Desjardins”
Introduction
Duncan Campbell Scott’s short story “The Desjardins”, part of his collection In the Village of
Viger, explores the complexities of family life in a small French-Canadian community. The
narrative focuses on the Desjardins siblings, particularly Philippe and his sister, and
examines how family ties are tested by hardship, illness, and the weight of tradition. Scott
uses the story to reflect on the nature of familial love—quiet, restrained, yet profoundly
binding.
Sibling Bond and Responsibility
The central relationship in the story is between Philippe and his sister.
• Philippe’s Role: He embodies the sense of duty expected of the male head of the
household. His decisions are guided not by personal desire but by responsibility
toward his sister and the family’s honor.
• Sister’s Role: She represents vulnerability and dependence, yet also resilience. Her
illness or fragility becomes the focal point around which Philippe’s sense of duty
revolves.
• Expression of Love: Their bond is not expressed through overt affection but through
Philippe’s sacrifices and protective actions. This reflects the cultural context of the
time, where emotional restraint was valued.
Scott shows that in traditional families, love often manifests as responsibility rather than
sentiment.
Generational Expectations
Family relationships in “The Desjardins” are shaped by generational norms:
• Duty Over Desire: Philippe’s choices are framed by what is considered honorable
and proper in his community. Personal happiness is secondary to family duty.
• Tradition and Honor: The Desjardins family is portrayed as bound by the
expectations of their village. Their relationships are not just personal but social,
reflecting the collective values of the community.
• Sacrifice as Inheritance: Each generation inherits the burden of sacrifice, passing
down the idea that family comes before self.
This highlights how family relationships are not only private but also shaped by cultural
and social pressures.
Easy2Siksha.com
Emotional Restraint and Silence
Scott emphasizes the silence within family relationships:
• Affection is rarely verbalized. Instead, it is shown through actions—care, protection,
and endurance.
• The siblings’ interactions are marked by quiet understanding rather than dialogue.
• This restraint reflects the stoic character of rural life, where emotions are subdued
but deeply felt.
The story suggests that silence can be as powerful as words in expressing familial love.
Themes of Duty and Sacrifice
The title “Duty” resonates strongly with the family relationships in the story.
• Philippe’s sense of duty defines his relationship with his sister.
• Sacrifice becomes the language of love—he gives up personal freedom to care for
her.
• The family bond is sustained not by joy or leisure but by endurance and
responsibility.
Conclusion
In “The Desjardins”, Duncan Campbell Scott portrays family relationships as a blend of duty,
sacrifice, and emotional restraint. The bond between Philippe and his sister reflects the
cultural values of their community, where love is expressed through responsibility rather
than sentiment. Generational expectations and social norms shape their choices, showing
how family ties are both personal and communal.
8. Transcribe the following words:
immortal, raonality, espionage, lukewarm, superiority, civilizaon, society, tesmonial,
magazine, schizophrenia.
Ans: 1. immortal — /ɪˈmɔːtl/
2. rationality — /ˌræʃəˈnælɪti/
3. espionage — /ˈespɪənɑːʒ/
4. lukewarm — /ˌluːkˈwɔːm/
5. superiority — /sjuːˌpɪəriˈɒrɪti/
6. civilization — /ˌsɪvɪlaɪˈzeɪʃən/
Easy2Siksha.com
7. society — /səˈsaɪəti/
8. testimonial — /ˌtestɪˈməʊniəl/
9. magazine — /ˌmægəˈziːn/
10. schizophrenia — /ˌskɪtsəˈfriːniə/
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educaonal purposes. If you noce any
mistakes or have suggesons, feel free to share your feedback.”
